一、掌握Covered call與Protective put:

Covered call (S - c)(備兌買(mǎi)入):

An option strategy involving the holding of an asset and sale of a call on the asset.

備兌買(mǎi)入:

是指擁有這項(xiàng)資產(chǎn)且賣(mài)出這項(xiàng)資產(chǎn)的看漲期權(quán)。

備兌買(mǎi)入舉例:

以每股39美金購(gòu)買(mǎi)了股票,同時(shí)賣(mài)出執(zhí)行價(jià)格為40美金看漲期權(quán),看漲期權(quán)為3美金,先畫(huà)出股票的多頭頭寸以及看漲期權(quán)的空頭頭寸,然后根據(jù)兩個(gè)頭寸合成組合的備兌買(mǎi)入的折線(xiàn),可以算出,當(dāng)股票價(jià)格跌到0時(shí),有最大損失為3-39=-36美金,當(dāng)股票價(jià)格為40美金或以上時(shí),期權(quán)會(huì)被執(zhí)行,則最大盈利為40-1+3=4美金,當(dāng)股票價(jià)格為36美金時(shí),盈虧平衡。

Protective put (S + p)(保護(hù)性看跌期權(quán)/備兌看跌期權(quán)):

An option strategy in which a long position in an asset is combined with a long position in a put.

備兌看跌期權(quán):

是一種防止未實(shí)現(xiàn)收益賬戶(hù)的中產(chǎn)生損失的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)規(guī)避策略,保護(hù)性看跌期權(quán)是同時(shí)擁有股票和這個(gè)股票相對(duì)應(yīng)的看跌期權(quán)組成的,當(dāng)投資者擁有正在上漲階段的股票時(shí),仍要規(guī)避股票可能下跌這種不確定性帶來(lái)的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)時(shí),一般會(huì)選擇備兌看跌期權(quán)。

盈利和損失:

備兌看跌期權(quán)的最大化盈利在理論上是無(wú)限的,而最大的損失是股票標(biāo)價(jià)格減去執(zhí)行價(jià)格加上購(gòu)買(mǎi)期權(quán)的價(jià)格。備兌看跌策略的理想的狀況是股票價(jià)格上升,投資者可以從上升的股價(jià)中獲利,盈余平衡點(diǎn)是當(dāng)前的股票價(jià)格等于股票標(biāo)的價(jià)格加上看跌期權(quán)的溢價(jià)。

備兌看跌期權(quán)舉例:

當(dāng)股價(jià)41美金時(shí)購(gòu)買(mǎi)了股票,同時(shí)花了3美金購(gòu)買(mǎi)了執(zhí)行價(jià)格為40美金的看跌期權(quán)。由股票的多頭頭寸和保護(hù)性看跌期權(quán)的多頭頭寸合成組合的頭寸,當(dāng)股票價(jià)格為40美金及以下時(shí),會(huì)有最大的損失為虧損40-41-3=-4美金,當(dāng)股票價(jià)格為44美金時(shí),會(huì)達(dá)到盈虧平衡點(diǎn),當(dāng)股票價(jià)格大于44元美金時(shí)會(huì)有收益,且由于股票上升空間理論上是無(wú)限的,所以這個(gè)組合頭寸理論上最大收益也是無(wú)限的,不論是哪種組合策略,盈利和損失等這些計(jì)算式不好記,關(guān)鍵要學(xué)會(huì)畫(huà)圖分析。

例:An investor has purchased a share of stock for 190.Acalloptiononthisstock,expiringinsevenmonthsandwithanexercisepriceof200, is priced at 11.40.Iftheinvestorentersintoacoveredcallnow,theprofitonthisstrategyifthestockpriceatexpirationis215 is closest to:

A. –3.60.B.21.40.

C. 解析:,Ð28.60.解析:Biscorrect,Theprofitonacoveredcalliscalculatedasfollows:π=ST–S0–max(0,ST–X)+C0Ð=215 – 190–max(0,215 – 200)+11.40 = $21.40.

備抵買(mǎi)入是持有股票且賣(mài)出看漲期權(quán),因?yàn)榭礉q期權(quán)的行權(quán)價(jià)是200,所以只要股票價(jià)格高于200的部分投資者都拿不到,到期日的價(jià)格為215高于執(zhí)行價(jià)格,所以投資者會(huì)以行權(quán)價(jià)200出售,在股票的頭寸上獲利200-190=10,在空頭看漲期權(quán)上的獲利為期權(quán)價(jià)格11.4,所以投資者的總獲利為11.4+10=21.4

二、 forward commitment 和 contingent claim的差別是什么?

衍生品有兩個(gè)分類(lèi):遠(yuǎn)期承諾和或有求償權(quán),兩者的區(qū)別是,遠(yuǎn)期承諾是一種義務(wù),到期時(shí)需要以約定的價(jià)格來(lái)交割,而或有求償權(quán)是一種權(quán)利而不是義務(wù),根據(jù)到期日的價(jià)格交易者可以選擇是否交割。

Forward commitment(遠(yuǎn)期承諾):

Class of derivatives that provides the ability to lock in a price to transact in the future at a previously agreed-upon price.

遠(yuǎn)期承諾:

合同雙方包含多頭和空頭,雙方約定好了未來(lái)某一時(shí)點(diǎn)的以特定的價(jià)格進(jìn)行交易的合約,這個(gè)合約到期時(shí)會(huì)執(zhí)行,執(zhí)行時(shí)按照約定的固定價(jià)格執(zhí)行,這個(gè)固定價(jià)格就是遠(yuǎn)期價(jià)格。

遠(yuǎn)期承諾中包括三種:遠(yuǎn)期、期貨、互換。

遠(yuǎn)期合約:場(chǎng)外交易合約,合約雙方約定在未來(lái)某一時(shí)刻按約定的價(jià)格買(mǎi)賣(mài)約定數(shù)量的金融資產(chǎn)。

期貨:是以某種大眾產(chǎn)品如棉花、大豆、石油等及金融資產(chǎn)如股票、債券等為標(biāo)的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化可交易合約;

互換:場(chǎng)外交易合約,當(dāng)事人按照共同商定的條件,在約定的時(shí)間內(nèi)定期交換現(xiàn)金流的金融交易,可分為貨幣互換、利率互換、股權(quán)互換、信用互換等。

Contingent claim(或有求償權(quán)):

Derivatives in which the payoffs occur if a specific event occurs; generally referred to as options.

或有求償權(quán):

是一種可以以特定價(jià)格購(gòu)買(mǎi)或出售標(biāo)的資產(chǎn)的權(quán)利,支付依賴(lài)于標(biāo)的資產(chǎn)的情況。是一種權(quán)利而不是義務(wù),如果你背負(fù)了一項(xiàng)債務(wù)或是簽訂了類(lèi)似的合約,你的出借人或是債權(quán)人對(duì)你的資產(chǎn)可能有的求償權(quán),這個(gè)求償權(quán)依賴(lài)于未來(lái)的某些事件是否發(fā)生,一些特定事件的發(fā)生會(huì)觸發(fā)求償權(quán),比如說(shuō)債務(wù)人的破產(chǎn)。也是CFA課程知識(shí)重點(diǎn)之一。

期權(quán)是最主要的或有求償權(quán)。

例:In contrast to contingent claims, forward commitments provide the:

A. right to buy or sell the underlying asset in the future.

B. obligation to buy or sell the underlying asset in the future.

C. promise to provide credit protection in the event of default. to contingent claims, forward commitments provide the:

解析:B is correct. Forward commitments represent an obligation to buy or sell the underlying asset at an agreed upon price at a future date.

A is incorrect because the right to buy or sell the underlying asset is a characteristic of contingent claims, not forward commitments.

C is incorrect because a credit default swap provides a promise to provide credit protection to the credit protection buyer in the event of a credit event such as a default or credit downgrade and is classified as a contingent claim.

根據(jù)定義B正確,遠(yuǎn)期承諾代表了買(mǎi)方及賣(mài)方在到期日有義務(wù)進(jìn)行交割的合約;A說(shuō)明的是或有求償權(quán)的特質(zhì),C中會(huì)提供信用保護(hù)的是信用違約互換。

三、Exchange-traded markets 與Over-the-counter (OTC) markets的區(qū)別

Exchange-traded markets (場(chǎng)內(nèi)交易):

An exchange, is a highly organized market where (especially) tradable securities, commodities, foreign exchange, futures, and options contracts are sold and bought.

交易所交易市場(chǎng):

合同是由交易所定好的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化合同,每個(gè)投資者的交易對(duì)手都是清算所,所以沒(méi)有違約風(fēng)險(xiǎn),在交易所交易有嚴(yán)格的監(jiān)管,交易很透明,交易所會(huì)要求投資者在交易時(shí)做相關(guān)的披露,交易價(jià)格和交易量都是實(shí)時(shí)的,交易所交易包括期貨和一部分期權(quán)。

缺點(diǎn)是,透明度高意味著交易是相對(duì)暴露的,所有交易都可以被監(jiān)管者所了解,

標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化的合約意味著喪失了交易的靈活性,參與者只能參與交易所允許的合約。

Over-the-counter (OTC) markets(場(chǎng)外交易):

A decentralized market where buy and sell orders initiated from various locations are

matched through a communications network.

場(chǎng)外交易:

是交易雙方自行談判的個(gè)性化合同,因?yàn)椴辉诮灰姿灰?,有違約風(fēng)險(xiǎn)和對(duì)手方風(fēng)險(xiǎn),沒(méi)有監(jiān)管,透明度較差。

場(chǎng)外交易包括:遠(yuǎn)期、互換、部分期權(quán)。

對(duì)于場(chǎng)外交易,常讓人誤以為其流動(dòng)性會(huì)比交易所的交易流動(dòng)性差,其實(shí)不完全是,很多場(chǎng)外交易工具是很容易簽訂的同時(shí),如果想要抵消只要做一個(gè)相反的交易就可以,比如說(shuō),公司A從交易商B那里購(gòu)買(mǎi)了衍生品,在到期日之前,如果公司A想要終止這個(gè)頭寸,只要再把相同期限的衍生品賣(mài)給交易商B即可,當(dāng)然,公司A也可以選擇賣(mài)給其他的交易商,也同樣可以終止頭寸;而在交易所交易的衍生品,有些只有很小的交易量因此流動(dòng)性會(huì)較低。

例:Which of the following statements most accurately describes exchange-traded derivatives relative to over-the-counter derivatives? Exchange-traded derivatives are more likely to have:

A. Greater credit risk.

B. Standardized contract terms.

C. Greater risk management uses.

解析:B is correct. Standardization of contract terms is a characteristic of exchange-traded derivatives. A is incorrect because credit risk is well-controlled in exchange markets. C is incorrect because the risk management uses are not limited by being traded over the counter.

考察場(chǎng)內(nèi)與場(chǎng)外交易市場(chǎng)的區(qū)別,A和C都是屬于場(chǎng)外市場(chǎng)的特點(diǎn)。

四、Internal credit enhancement 與External credit enhancement 的差異

Credit  enhancements:

are provisions that may be used to reduce the credit risk of the bond issue.

信用增強(qiáng)是用于可以減少信用風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的多種條款,因此,可以增加發(fā)行人的信用質(zhì)量和降低債券的收益率,信用增強(qiáng)常用于資產(chǎn)抵押證券中。信用增強(qiáng)分為兩類(lèi),內(nèi)部和外部。

Internal credit enhancement (內(nèi)部信用加強(qiáng)):

Subordination (次級(jí)化/分層) : waterfall structure, tranches.

Overcollateralization (超額抵押): post more collateral than is needed to obtain or secure financing.

Excess spread (超額利差): more cash flow received from the assets used to secure the issue than the interest paid to investors.

內(nèi)部信用增強(qiáng):

內(nèi)部信用增強(qiáng)依賴(lài)于債券發(fā)行的結(jié)構(gòu)特點(diǎn)。包括如下幾種:

次級(jí)化/分層:對(duì)信用風(fēng)險(xiǎn)進(jìn)行分層,是最常見(jiàn)的內(nèi)部信用增強(qiáng)技術(shù)。資產(chǎn)產(chǎn)生的現(xiàn)金流根據(jù)不同的優(yōu)先等級(jí)順序而進(jìn)行償還,先償付最高等級(jí)的然后對(duì)次等級(jí)的依次償付。

超額抵押:是從本金的角度考慮的,抵押品的價(jià)值遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)大于發(fā)行債務(wù)的價(jià)值,比如發(fā)行了100元的債券但是抵押品價(jià)值110萬(wàn),超額抵押了10萬(wàn)。

超額利差:抵押品本身是產(chǎn)生現(xiàn)金流的,每期產(chǎn)生的現(xiàn)金流大于利息的支出,收入大于支出,所以有足夠的資本償還。

External credit enhancement (外部信用加強(qiáng)):

Surety bond (履約保證): reimburse investors for any losses incurred if the issuer defaults, by an insurance company.

Bank guarantee(銀行擔(dān)保): same as surety bond but by a bank.

Letter of credit(信用證): promise to lend money to issuing entity for any cash flow shortfalls.

外部信用加強(qiáng):

會(huì)有第三方的財(cái)務(wù)擔(dān)保,或者說(shuō)有擔(dān)保人。常見(jiàn)的外部信用加強(qiáng)包括履約擔(dān)保,銀行擔(dān)保和信用證:

履約保證:有背書(shū),相當(dāng)于給發(fā)行的債券購(gòu)買(mǎi)了保險(xiǎn),履約保證和銀行擔(dān)保有些類(lèi)似,都是發(fā)行人違約時(shí)會(huì)賠償給債券持有者。兩者的區(qū)別是銀行擔(dān)保是銀行發(fā)行的,而履約擔(dān)保是保險(xiǎn)公司發(fā)行的。

銀行擔(dān)保:發(fā)行者違約,投資者可以找銀行還款。

信用證:發(fā)行者違約,銀行先把款借給發(fā)行者還款?,F(xiàn)在信用證用的較少,因?yàn)樘峁┬庞米C的信用機(jī)構(gòu)的信用等級(jí)下降會(huì)造成金融危機(jī)。

例:Which of the following is least likely to be a form of internal credit enhancement associated with a corporate bond issue?

A.Debt overcollateralization

B. Letter of credit

C. Debt subordination

解析:B is correct,A letter of credit is a form of external credit enhancement in which a financial institution provides the issuer with a credit line to be used for any cash flow shortfalls related to its debt issue.

信用證是屬于外部信用加強(qiáng)。

五、Discount rates和Add-on rates 的計(jì)算

Discount rates or add-on rates are used for quoted money market rates.

貨幣市場(chǎng)中有兩大收益率的衡量:貼現(xiàn)率和附加利率。

Discount rates(折現(xiàn)率) :

In general, the interest rate used to calculate a present value. In the money market,

however, discount rate is a specific type of quoted rate.

折現(xiàn)率的計(jì)算:

折現(xiàn)率常用在商業(yè)票據(jù)和短期國(guó)庫(kù)券以及銀行承兌中,因?yàn)樨泿攀袌?chǎng)的折現(xiàn)率是利率除以到期贖回時(shí)的面值,而不是投資者的實(shí)際投入,所以低估了投資者的收益率。

Add-on rates(附加利率) :

Bank certificates of deposit, repos, and indices such as Libor and Euribor are quoted on an add-on rate basis (bond equivalent yield basis).

附加利率一般用在存款證和回購(gòu)協(xié)議中。

舉個(gè)例子說(shuō)明兩者的算法差異,一個(gè)期限90天的債券,面值是1000元,目前價(jià)格時(shí)950元,它的貼現(xiàn)率的算法是,附加利率的算法為,所以?xún)烧叩牟町悶橘N現(xiàn)的分母是面值,而附加利率的分母為價(jià)格。

16. Which of the following is most likely regarding the bond equivalent

yield?

A. It is stated on a 360-day year and on an add-on yield basis.

B. It is stated on a 365-day year and on an add-on yield basis.

C. It is stated on a 365-day year and on a discount rate basis.

Answer: B is correct,The bond equivalent yield is a money market yield stated on a 365-day year on an add-on rate basis.

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