Break-evenanalysis盈虧平衡點(diǎn)分析（又叫Cost-volume-profitanalysis）

這一知識(shí)點(diǎn)包含了非常多的公式，在公式的應(yīng)用上有著較高要求。曾經(jīng)在12/12真題中重點(diǎn)考查了計(jì)算。同時(shí)chart的畫法是容易被我們忽略的，在考試過程中非常耗時(shí)間，基于往年的答題情況非常不樂觀，因此是很有可能再一次被拿出考。

▲理解計(jì)算BEP& margin of safety

▲理解計(jì)算應(yīng)用C/Sratio in single and multi-product situations

▲計(jì)算應(yīng)用targetprofit or revenue in single and multi-product situations

▲理解并掌握charts，并能解釋所含信息的意思

▲學(xué)會(huì)分析limitationsof CVP analysis for planning and decision-making.

企業(yè)需要達(dá)到的最低目標(biāo)→aprofit of $nil ，所對(duì)應(yīng)的salesvolume為盈虧平衡點(diǎn)

Assumptions: constant Selling price per unit Variable cost per unit Total fixed costs

Single productbreak-even analysis

Method 1: Activitylevel at which there is neither profit nor loss

Method 2: Theamount of contribution earned per dollar of sales

Method 3:Thedifference between the budgeted level of activity and the break-even level ofactivity

 

Target profitsfor multiple products

(i)Atbreakeven point there is noprofit-that is: Contribution=Fixed costs

(ii)假設(shè)企業(yè)要達(dá)到某一利潤(rùn)水平:Contribution 一定要coverfixed costs and the required profit→Totalcontribution required=Fixed costs + Required profit

Multiple productbreak-even analysis(假設(shè)sales mix保持不變)★

 

Drawing abreak-even char

Limitations★

CVP的分析基于一些unrealisticassumptions.考試中不僅可能碰到CVP的計(jì)算，還會(huì)時(shí)常會(huì)問你to criticizethe CVP approach to short-term decision-making，這時(shí)要同時(shí)考慮limitations& advantages

Limitations Advantages
It is assumed that fixed costs are the same in total and variable costs are the same per unit at all.(i) Fixed costs會(huì)發(fā)生變動(dòng)if output falls or increases substantially(因?yàn)榇蟛糠謋ixed cost都屬于step costs).(ii) The variable costs會(huì)下降where economies of scale are made at higher output volumes. A break-even model enables profit or loss at any level of activity within the range for which model is valid to be determined(能判斷是否盈利還是虧損), and the C/S ratio can indicate the relative profitability of different products.
It is assumed that sales prices will be constant at all levels of activity(這將可能無法實(shí)現(xiàn)，因?yàn)楫?dāng)生產(chǎn)過多，企業(yè)只能通過降價(jià)來win the extra sales). Be more easily understood by non-financial managers
Production and sales are assumed to be the same(忽視了increase in inventory levels或者de-stocking的可能). Highlighting the break-even point and the margin of safety gives managers some indication of the level of risk involved.
Uncertainty in the estimates of fixed costs and unit variable costs is often ignored.  

 

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